Sayansi ya Mafuta: N’chifukwa chiyani zitsime zozama kwambiri zimakhala zovuta kukumba?

Vuto 1: Machitidwe Ovuta Kwambiri Okhudza Kupanikizika mu Zitsime Zozama Kwambiri Kapangidwe ka Kapangidwe ka Wellbore Kovuta

Zitsime zozama kwambiri zimalowa m'malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi nthaka, ndipo zimakumana ndi njira zovuta kwambiri komanso zolumikizana bwino za kupanikizika kwa ma pore. Malo okhala ndi kupanikizika kwakukulu ndi otsika mphamvu amasinthasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zambiri monga kugwa kwa mapangidwe, mapaipi omangika, kutayika kwa kayendedwe ka madzi, ndi kukankha. Pali kusowa kwa deta yobowola ya mapangidwe okhala ndi nthaka yozama kwambiri, ndipo deta yopezeka ya zivomerezi ndi zolemba za kuneneratu kupanikizika kwa ma pore ndi yochepa komanso yoipa. Kusowa kwa deta yodalirika yofotokozera, kuphatikiza ndi zolepheretsa zongodalira kuyang'anira kuthamanga kwa madzi nthawi yeniyeni pamene mukubowola, kumabweretsa zovuta zazikulu komanso kulondola kochepa poneneratu kupsinjika kwa makina. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika zazikulu pakuwunika kupangika kwa madzi, kapangidwe kosayenera ka kuya kwa malo osungira madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi obowola, komanso mavuto akuluakulu osakhazikika kwa ma pore. Ukadaulo wamakono sungathe kulosera molondola magawo ofunikira monga kupanikizika kwa mapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a miyala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusatsimikizika kwakukulu ndikupangitsa kuti kasamalidwe ka zoopsa m'mabowo akhale kovuta kwambiri. Kutengera zosowa zofufuza ndi chitukuko, komwe kuzama kwambiri kwa chitsime kungakhale kofunikira, kapangidwe ka kapangidwe ka ma pore ayenera kukhala ndi gawo limodzi kapena awiri osungira madzi kuti athetse bwino madera omwe angakhale ndi ngozi, zomwe zimawonjezera ndalama zogwirizana nazo.

Vuto Lachiwiri: Kulemera Kwambiri kwa Chingwe cha Chitoliro M'zitsime Zozama Kwambiri Kumalepheretsa Kugwira Ntchito Motetezeka mu Chikwama Chosungiramo Zinthu

Kuboola mozama kwambiri kungakumane ndi mapangidwe monga miyala yamatope yokwawa ndi zigawo za mchere-gypsum zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chivundikirocho chikhale cholimba, kugwa, ndi kuphulika. Zoopsazi nthawi zambiri zimachepetsedwa powonjezera makulidwe a zingwe zomangira. Pansi pa zigawo zazitali kwambiri zomangira simenti, mavuto a kutalika ndi kulemera kwambiri kwa zingwe za chitoliro amaonekera kwambiri. Makamaka, kulemera kwa chingwe chomangira kumatha kupitirira malire otetezeka a ngakhale chingwe cha mamita 12,000 (matani 900, ofanana ndi kulemera konse kwa njovu zazikulu za ku Africa 150 mpaka 180). Mphamvu yokweza ya zingwe zomwe zilipo sikokwanira kuyimitsa zingwe zolemera zomangira nthawi zonse, osatinso kuthana ndi ntchito zopunthwa panthawi yamavuto kapena kukwaniritsa malire ofunikira achitetezo kuti ayende bwino.

Mamita 15,240:Mu Okutobala 2022, ADNOC idakhazikitsa mbiri yatsopano padziko lonse lapansi ya chitsime chozama kwambiri ndi chitsime chake chopingasa cha UZ-688 m'munda wa Upper Zakum, kufika pa kuya konse (kuya koyezedwa) kwa mamita 15,240.

Vuto Lachitatu: Mapangidwe Olimba Ndi Ovuta M'zitsime Zozama Kwambiri Zimalepheretsa Kuswa Mathanthwe Mogwira Mtima Ndi Kufulumizitsa Kubowola Konse

Mapangidwe a zitsime zozama kwambiri ndi ovuta, okhwima kwambiri, ndipo salola kubowola bwino. Njira zomwe zilipo zowunikira kubowola sizokwanira ndipo sizili zolondola, makamaka m'malo atsopano ofufuzira, zomwe zikulepheretsa kwambiri kapangidwe ka sayansi ndi kusankha ma drill bits. Mitundu ya zida zobowola ndi liwiro lolowera (ROP) zomwe zilipo panopa ndi zochepa, ndi zoletsa pakusinthasintha ndi kudalirika kwa mapangidwe. Kugwira ntchito kwawo ndi kofooka, ndipo nthawi yogwirira ntchito ndi yochepa m'mapangidwe ovuta pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kuthamanga kwambiri (HTHP). Pali kufunika kofufuza ukadaulo watsopano wophwanya miyala bwino m'matsime ozama komanso ozama kwambiri. Kutumiza mphamvu ya hydraulic ndi makina kumakhala kovuta m'magawo ataliatali kwambiri, ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi pamzere wobowola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu isakwane pa thireyi ndikupangitsa kuti miyala ikhale yovuta kusweka.

Vuto Lachinayi: Kusunga Kubowola Madzi Ochokera M'madzi ndi Kukhazikika kwa Wellbore Pansi pa Mikhalidwe Yaikulu Kwambiri ya HTHP

Kuboola mozama kwambiri kumakumana ndi kutentha kwa dzenje lolowera pansi kuposa 200°C, zomwe zimafuna kuti madzi oboola azikhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, kuchulukana kwambiri, kupirira mchere, komanso kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse kulephera kwa zinthu, kupanikizika kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti kuwongolera kwa rheological kukhale kovuta, kuchuluka kwa mchere wambiri kumawonjezera kusakhazikika kwa dongosolo, ndipo kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kumabweretsa mavuto akulu aukadaulo. Kuphatikiza kwa zofunikira zinayizi zomwe zimagwira ntchito kumabweretsa mavuto akuluakulu, omwe sangathe kuthetsedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, matekinoloje omwe alipo sangathetse mavuto monga kuzizira komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusweka pamene mapangidwe otentha kwambiri akukumana ndi madzi oboola ozizira kwambiri, kapena kusakhazikika kwa madzi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ntchito yamadzi pansi pa kutentha kwambiri.

Vuto 5: Kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa simenti ndi matekinoloje ena pansi pa HTHP Yozama Kwambiri ndi Mavuto Ovuta Kwambiri

Zinthu zokhudzana ndi kuya kwambiri, kutentha kwambiri, magawo atali a simenti, ndi makina ovuta opanikizika zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwakukulu pa zinthu za simenti, kuphatikizapo kukhazikika kwa kuyimitsidwa, rheology, kuwongolera kusamuka kwa gasi, ndi kukhazikitsa kukhazikika kwa simenti. Zowonjezera zofunika monga zowongolera kutaya madzi ndi zobweza zimatha kuwola kapena kuchita zinthu molakwika kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito zilephereke komanso zochitika zoopsa zomwe zingachitike. Malo otentha kwambiri amaikanso zofunikira kwambiri pakugwirizana pakati pa makina owonjezera ndi zinthu zomwe zimaletsa kubwerera kwa mphamvu ya simenti.

Mamita 9,396:Mu 2023, chitsime cha Tarim Oilfield cha Guole 3C chinakhazikitsa mbiri ya chitsime chozama kwambiri chopingasa ku Asia (kuzama koyezedwa).

Vuto 6: Mikhalidwe ya HTHP Yopitirira Malire a Kulekerera kwa Zipangizo ndi Zida Zofunikira

Zitsime zozama kwambiri zimakhala ndi mipata yozama kwambiri yolowera pansi, kutentha kopitilira 200°C ndi kupanikizika kopitilira 175 MPa (kofanana ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi pa kuya kwa mamita 17,500, kupitirira kwambiri komwe kuli pansi pa Mariana Trench). Malire a kutentha kwa zida zambiri zolowera pansi ndi pafupifupi 175°C. Mu mikhalidwe yovuta yogwirira ntchito yokhala ndi ultra-HTHP, malo okhala ndi acidity, ndi kugwedezeka kwamphamvu, zida, zida, ndi zida zimatha kulephera. Izi zikuphatikizapo kutupa ndi kukalamba kwa ma rabara a elastomer mu matope a motor stators ndi zisindikizo mu zida zogwirira ntchito za torque, kulephera kugwira ntchito kapena kulephera kwa batri kwa zida zamagetsi za MWD/LWD, komanso kukana kupanikizika kokwanira kwa zida zomaliza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zida ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zisagwire ntchito.

Vuto 7: Zofunikira Zatsopano pa Ukadaulo Wodula Mitengo Kuchokera ku Mabowole Ozama Kwambiri, a HTHP, ndi Ang'onoang'ono

Kuzama kwa zitsime zozama kwambiri kukuyandikira malire apamwamba kwambiri ogwirira ntchito a ma winchi odulira mitengo omwe alipo, zomwe zikubweretsa mavuto ku makina amphamvu okhudzana ndi magalimoto amphamvu kwambiri, zingwe zothamanga kwambiri, ma ng'oma akuluakulu, ndi zida zonyamulira mphamvu kwambiri. Malo otsetsereka a HTHP akuyandikira malire apamwamba a zida zamakono za ultra-HTHP. Padziko lonse lapansi, palibe zida zokhwima zogwirira ntchito zapadera monga kujambula zamagetsi ndi nyukiliya magnetic resonance m'mikhalidwe yotere. Chiwopsezo cha kulephera kwa zida chifukwa cha kutentha ndi kupanikizika n'chokwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitseko zisagwire ntchito bwino kapena zikhale zosagwira ntchito bwino. Kuchepa kwa ma signaling pa zingwe zazitali mamita 13,000 kumakhudza kwambiri makina a telemetry odulira mitengo ya waya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kulumikizana kokhazikika kukhale kovuta kuonetsetsa.

Vuto 8: Kuonetsetsa Kuti Kuyesedwa kwa Chitsime Ndi Kotetezeka Komanso Kogwira Mtima Pa Mikhalidwe Yaikulu ya HTHP

Kuwerengera kochokera pa chitsime chodzaza ndi mpweya kumasonyeza kuti kuthamanga kwakukulu komwe kumayembekezeredwa kwa chitsime chotsekedwa m'zitsime zozama kwambiri kumatha kupitirira 100 MPa, mwina ndi hydrogen sulfide. Zida zoyesera ndi kumaliza zitsime zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimayesedwa pa 70 MPa ndi 175°C. Zingwe zoyesera kupanga zitsime zozama kwambiri zimakhala ndi kukula kochepa koma zimafuna mphamvu zambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera ndi mapangidwe a mapaipi osakhala achizolowezi kumavuta kukonza makina ndipo kumapangitsa kusanthula ndi kutsimikizira kupsinjika kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Zida zoyesera madzi ndi mabowo amadzimadzi zomwe zilipo pano zimavutika kukwaniritsa zofunikira pa ntchito yotentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kusankha machitidwe ndi zida zabwino kwambiri zamadzimadzi kukhala kovuta.