Zida Zoyambira Pansi: Buku Lotsogolera la Kugawa ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma Roller Cone Bits ndi Diamond Bits

01 Ma Roller Cone Bits: Zida Zosiyanasiyana Zosinthira Mapangidwe

Kuyambira pomwe zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 1909, ma roller cone bits akhala mtundu wa ma bit omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakubowola mozungulira. Kapangidwe kake kapadera ka ma multicone kamawathandiza kuti azitha kusintha momwe amapangira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira zofewa mpaka zolimba kwambiri.

Kapangidwe ka Kapangidwe ndi Ukadaulo Wapakati

Chodulira cha cone chimakhala ndi zigawo zisanu zazikulu:

• Thupi la Chidutswa: Miyendo itatu ya koni yolumikizidwa pamodzi, ndi ulusi wolumikizira pamwamba.
• Ma Roller Cones: Matupi achitsulo okhala ndi mano opindika kapena oyika mano pamwamba.
• Dongosolo Lonyamula Ma Bearing: Lili ndi magulu anayi a ma bearing: akulu, apakati, ang'onoang'ono, ndi ma thrust bearing.
• Ma Nozzle: Kawirikawiri amakhala 3-4, ndipo m'mimba mwake amakhala 7-14 mm.
• Njira Yosungira Mafuta ndi Kutseka: Mphete zotsekera za rabara kapena zachitsulo zophatikizidwa ndi zida zochepetsera kupanikizika.

Pakati pa izi, ukadaulo wotsekera ma bearing sealing ukuyimira chitukuko chofunikira kwambiri cha ukadaulo wa ma roller cone bits. Ma bits amakono amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosungira mafuta yochepetsera kuthamanga kwa mafuta, yomwe imasunga mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa kuthamanga kwa mafuta m'chitseko cha bearing ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi obowola pansi kudzera muzinthu monga mabowo otumizira kuthamanga kwa magazi, ma diaphragms ochepetsera kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi makapu a mafuta.

Dongosolo la Magulu ndi Kulemba Makhodi a IADC

Bungwe la International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) lapanga muyezo wogwirizana padziko lonse wa ma roller cone bits, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolembera manambala atatu:

Digiri Yoyamba: Mtundu wa dzino ndi kapangidwe kake koyenera

1: Mano opukutidwa, mapangidwe ofewa

2: Mano opukutidwa, olimba pakati mpaka pakati

3: Mano opukutidwa, mapangidwe olimba komanso okwawa

5: Ikani mano, ofewa mpaka apakatikati

6: Ikani mano, mapangidwe olimba apakatikati

7: Ikani mano, mapangidwe olimba komanso okhwinyata

8: Ikani mano, olimba kwambiri komanso okhwima kwambiri

Digiri Yachiwiri: Kugawa kwa kuuma kwa mapangidwe (Giredi 1-4; manambala apamwamba akuwonetsa mapangidwe olimba)

Manambala Achitatu: Makhalidwe a kapangidwe ka bit

4: Mabeya ozungulira otsekedwa

6: Mabeya otsetsereka otsekedwa

7: Mabeya otsetsereka otsekedwa + chitetezo cholowera

8: Kupotoza ma bits kuti abowole mbali

Dongosolo Losavuta la IADC la Ma Roller Cone Bits

Njira Yosweka Mathanthwe ndi Makhalidwe Oyendera

Pa nthawi yogwira ntchito, chogwirira cha roller cone chimasonyeza mitundu itatu ya kayendedwe kophatikizana:

• Kusintha: Ma cones amazungulira mozungulira wotchi ndi chidutswa chonsecho.
• Kuzungulira: Mano amazungulira mozungulira mzere wa koni.
• Kutsetsereka: Kuphatikizapo kutsetsereka kwa radial ndi tangential.

Kuyenda kophatikizana kumeneku kumakwaniritsa zotsatira ziwiri zophwanya miyala:

1.Zotsatira za Kuphwanya Mano: Kulumikizana kwa mano amodzi ndi awiri ndi dzenje la pansi kumabweretsa kugwedezeka kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti manowo akhudzidwe.

2.Kudula Miyala Motsetsereka: Kudula miyala kumachitika kudzera mu kapangidwe ka zinthu zozungulira, zopingasa ziwiri, ndi zopingasa.

Njira Yosankhira ndi Kufananiza Mapangidwe 

Mfundo zazikulu zoyambira posankha zidutswa za roller cone kutengera mawonekedwe a miyala:

• Mapangidwe Ofewa: Sankhani zidutswa zokhala ndi mawonekedwe a offset, overhang, ndi ma cone awiri, okhala ndi mano aatali, otakata, komanso ochepa opukutidwa kapena olowetsedwa.
• Mapangidwe Apakati Olimba: Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa mano opindika, opindika, ndi opindika kawiri; gwiritsani ntchito mano afupi, opapatiza, komanso okhuthala.
• Mapangidwe Olimba Ndi Osakhwima: Gwiritsani ntchito ma rollers a single-cone opanda overhang kapena offset, okhala ndi mano a mpira kapena mano a conical-ball.
• Mapangidwe Osavuta Kutembenuka: Sankhani zidutswa za mano afupiafupi opanda kusinthasintha kapena kusinthasintha pang'ono, komanso opanda mano ozungulira.
• Mapangidwe Ofewa ndi Olimba Ogwirizana: Sankhani mitundu ya ma bit kutengera miyala yolimba, ndipo sinthani magawo mosinthasintha panthawi yobowola.

Kuyankha ku Mikhalidwe Yapadera Yogwirira Ntchito

• Mabowo Ang'onoang'ono (<177 mm): Gwiritsani ntchito ma cone bits a single-roller, omwe ali ndi ma cone akuluakulu, mano, ndi ma bearing kuti akhale olimba kwambiri.
• Kuboola Molunjika: Sankhani ma bits apadera opotoza omwe nambala yachitatu ya khodi ya IADC ndi 8. 

02 Ma Diamond Bits: Zida Zamphamvu Zopangira Mapangidwe Olimba 

Popeza diamondi ndi chinthu cholimba kwambiri m'chilengedwe, ili ndi kuuma kwa Mohs kwa Giredi 10, mphamvu yokakamiza mpaka 8800 MPa, komanso kukana kuwonongeka kowirikiza nthawi 9000 kuposa chitsulo. Pogwiritsa ntchito izi, zidutswa za diamondi zakhala chida chabwino kwambiri chothanirana ndi mapangidwe olimba.

Dongosolo la Magulu ndi Kusintha kwa Ukadaulo

Ma diamondi amakono amagawidwa m'mitundu itatu:

1.Ma Diamondi Okhala Pamwamba

• Tinthu ta diamondi timaonekera pamwamba pa matrix.
• Yoyenera mapangidwe olimba apakati mpaka olimba.
• Gulu la kukula kwa tinthu ta diamondi:
• Mapangidwe ofewa: tinthu tating'onoting'ono tiwiri pa karati (gpc) (kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono pafupifupi 4 mm)
• Mapangidwe olimba apakati: 3-4 gpc (kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono pafupifupi 3.6 mm)
• Mapangidwe olimba: 10-15 gpc (kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono pafupifupi 2.0 mm)

2.Zidutswa za Dayamondi Zodzazidwa

• Ma diamondi amaikidwa mkati mwa matrix (60-400 gpc).
• Yoyenera mapangidwe olimba komanso okhwima (monga flint, siliceous dolomite).
• Kudzinola kwa diamondi kumachitika chifukwa cha kuvala kwa matrix.

3.Ma PDC Bits (Ma Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bits)

• Yoyamba idayambitsidwa ndi General Electric (GE) ya ku United States mu 1973.
• Kapangidwe kakang'ono: Chigawo cha diamondi + chopangidwa ndi simenti ya carbide.
• Yoyenera mapangidwe ofewa mpaka apakati olimba ofanana.

Kapangidwe ka Kapangidwe ndi Magawo Apakati

Zidutswa za diamondi zimakhala ndi kapangidwe kofunikira popanda ziwalo zosuntha, makamaka kuphatikiza:

• Thupi la Chitsulo: Lopangidwa ndi chitsulo chapakati cha kaboni, chokhala ndi ulusi wolumikizira pamwamba.
• Matrix: Ufa wa tungsten carbide + chitsulo chomangira chopangidwa ndi mkuwa, chokhala ndi mulingo wovuta wa HRC 30-45.
• Zinthu Zodula: Ma diamondi achilengedwe/opangidwa kapena ma compact a PDC.
• Kapangidwe ka Hydraulic: Njira zamadzi ndi njira zoyendera madzi (zozungulira, zozungulira, ndi zina zotero).

Magawo Opangira Makiyi

• Kuchuluka kwa diamondi: Kusinthidwa kutengera kukhwima kwa mapangidwe; kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe okhwima kwambiri.
• Kutalika kwa Protrusion:
• Mapangidwe ofewa: 1/3 ya kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono
• Mapangidwe olimba: 1/6-1/10 ya kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono
• Mawonekedwe a Milomo:
• Yokhala pansi pa fulati: Yopangira mapangidwe ofanana
• Yopindika: Ya mapangidwe olimba
• Serrated: Yopangira mapangidwe okhwima

Njira Yosweka Mathanthwe ndi Kuyankha kwa Mapangidwe

Njira yoswa miyala ya zidutswa za diamondi imasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe kake:

Mapangidwe a Pulasitiki (monga miyala ya matope, gypsum): Mofanana ndi njira yolima; diamondi zimalowa mkati mwa mapangidwewo kuti zipangitse kuti miyala iyende bwino.

Mapangidwe Osalimba (monga miyala ya mchenga ya quartz): Mabowo ophwanyira okwana volumetric amapangidwa, ndipo kukula kwake kumawonjezeka kawiri kapena kana kuposa diamondi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yake ikhale yogwira mtima kwambiri.

Miyala Yolimba (monga mwala wa flint, miyala ya siliceous): Zidutswa zodzazidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kuswa miyala kumachitika kudzera mu kudula ndi kukanda pang'ono, mofanana ndi kuphwanya mawilo opukutira.

Ubwino ndi Zofooka za PDC Bits

Monga chinthu chatsopano m'banja la diamond bit, ma PDC bits ali ndi ubwino wapadera:

Makhalidwe a Kapangidwe

Zidutswa za PDC za Thupi la Chitsulo: Chitsulo chapakati cha kaboni chophatikizika chokhala ndi mankhwala ochiritsira pamwamba.

Matrix-Body PDC Bits: Thupi lachitsulo chapamwamba + matrix ya tungsten carbide yotsika, yomwe imapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino.

Kapangidwe ka Mbiri

Parabolic: Kuti pakhale mapangidwe ofewa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale malo ambiri komanso kuti pakhale kuphulika kwamphamvu.

Zozungulira: Pobowola matebulo ozungulira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti malo olimba azitha kulowa mosavuta.

Koni: Yoboola mwachangu kwambiri, yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino.

Zoletsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito

Sikoyenera kupanga miyala ndi miyala yofewa komanso yolimba.

Malire a kukana kutentha (kuwonongeka kumawonjezeka kuposa 350℃; kulephera kwa mphamvu kumachitika pa 700℃).

Kukana kugwedezeka bwino; kusweka kwa zigawo zatsopano m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete kumachitika nthawi zambiri.

Mndandanda Woyerekeza wa Mapangidwe Oyenera a Diamond Bits

03 Buku Lotsogolera Kusankha Sayansi: Mapangidwe Ofanana ndi Zofunikira Zogwirira Ntchito

Malamulo Abwino Kwambiri Osankhira Ma Roller Cone Bit

Kufananiza Kulimba kwa Mapangidwe

Mapangidwe ofewa: Sankhani zidutswa zokhala ndi mawonekedwe okwera, opindika, komanso okhala ndi ma cone awiri, okhala ndi mano ooneka ngati mphero kapena ooneka ngati supuni.

Mapangidwe olimba: Gwiritsani ntchito mapangidwe a single-cone, osasinthika, okhala ndi mano a mpira kapena mano a conical-ball.

Yankho la Kusakhazikika

Pakupanga zinthu zokwawa, gwiritsani ntchito zinthu zoikamo mano zokhala ndi mano oteteza.

Ngati mano a mzere wakunja ndi ozungulira pomwe mano apakati sakuwonongeka kwambiri, gawo lotsatira liyenera kupangidwa ndi chitetezo champhamvu cha gege.

Njira Zothanirana ndi Mikhalidwe Yapadera Yogwirira Ntchito

Mapangidwe osavuta kusinthasintha: Sankhani zidutswa za mano afupiafupi opanda kusinthasintha kapena kusinthasintha pang'ono; kusinthasintha kwa mapangidwe kuyenera kukhala kofewa pang'ono kuposa kapangidwe kake.

Mapangidwe ofewa ndi olimba: Sankhani zidutswa zochokera pa mwala wolimba, ndipo sinthani magawo mosinthasintha panthawi yobowola.

Kuboola chitsime chozama: Gwiritsani ntchito zidutswa zokhala ndi zithunzi zambiri kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa nthawi yokhota.

Njira Yosankhira Ma Diamond Bits

Mikhalidwe Yoyenera ya PDC Bits

Zochitika zabwino kwambiri: Mapangidwe aatali ofanana, ofewa mpaka apakati komanso olimba (monga shale, matope, gypsum).

Zochitika zoletsedwa: Mapangidwe a miyala, ma flint interbeds, mapangidwe ofewa ndi olimba ophatikizana.

Kukhazikitsa kwa magawo: WOB Yotsika (30-60 kN), RPM yapamwamba (100-300 rpm), kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa madzi.

Mikhalidwe Yoyenera pa Ma Diamondi Achilengedwe/Opangidwa

Mapangidwe olimba kwambiri (monga granite, mchenga wa quartz).

Mapangidwe okhwima kwambiri (monga flint, siliceous dolomite).

Kuboola ma turbine, zitsime zozama/zozama kwambiri, ndi ntchito zokokera makoma.

Zofunikira Zapadera za Core Bits

Magawo apakati a koni yozungulira: Kapangidwe ka koni yozungulira inayi (yozungulira/yopingasa) kapena koni yozungulira sikisi (yopingasa yonse).

Zidutswa za diamondi: Zimafuna m'mbali zodulira zogawanika mofanana komanso zosagwira ntchito nthawi zonse.

Chizindikiro chachikulu: Kuzungulira pakati pa dzenje lamkati ndi bwalo lakunja kuti mupewe kuphulika kwa pakatikati.

Kuweruza ndi Kusamalira Zovuta za Downhole Anomaly

Kuzindikiritsa Mkhalidwe Wogwirira Ntchito wa Roller Cone Bit

Kuwonongeka kwa Bearing: Kugwedezeka kwa tebulo lozungulira nthawi ndi nthawi, kukulirakulira pansi pa WOB yayikulu, kuchepa kwa chiwongolero cha kubowola koma kuthamanga kwabwinobwino kwa pampu.

Kutaya kwa koni: Kuboola kwambiri, kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa chizindikiro cha kulemera, kusintha kwa kuzama kwa kugwedezeka pamene mukukoka chingwe cha kuboola.

Kuwonongeka kwa Mano: Kuchepa kwa katundu wa tebulo lozungulira, palibe kugwedezeka, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa kubowola.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zoletsa pa Diamondi Bits

Bowo la pansi liyenera kutsukidwa musanagwiritse ntchito bowo la pansi kuti muwonetsetse kuti palibe zinyalala zachitsulo zomwe zatsala.

Yambani kuboola ndi WOB yaying'ono ndi RPM yotsika kuti "mulowe" (kukonza dzenje pansi pa 0.5 m).

Pewani kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira mawu; ngati kuli kofunikira, gwiritsani ntchito WOB yotsika komanso RPM yotsika kuti mugwiritse ntchito mofanana.

Lumikizanani nafe:Jessie Zhou
Foni yam'manja/Whatsapp:+0086-18109206861
Webusaiti:www.landrilltools.com