Zida Zofunikira Pachitseko: Buku Lokwanira Logawa ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma Roller Cone Bits ndi Diamond Bits

Mu ntchito zobowola mafuta, chobowola ndiye chida chachikulu chobowola miyala, ndipo magwiridwe ake amakhudza mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito ndi mtengo wobowola. Poyang'anizana ndi zovuta komanso zosinthasintha mapangidwe, kusankha bwino zidutswa za roller cone ndi zidutswa za diamondi kwakhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri kwa mainjiniya obowola.

01 Ma Roller Cone Bits: Zida Zosiyanasiyana Zogwirizana ndi Mapangidwe

Kuyambira pomwe zinayambitsidwa mu 1909, ma roller cone bits akhala mtundu wa ma bit omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakubowola mozungulira. Kapangidwe kake kapadera ka multi·cone kamawathandiza kuti azitha kusintha malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapangidwe kuyambira yofewa mpaka yolimba kwambiri.

Kapangidwe ndi Ukadaulo Wapakati

Chogwirira cha roller cone chimakhala ndi zigawo zazikulu zisanu:

· Thupi la chigamba: Miyendo itatu ya koni yolumikizidwa pamodzi, ndi ulusi wolumikizira pamwamba.

· Ma Cone: Matupi achitsulo opindika okhala ndi mano ophwanyika kapena tungsten carbide inserts (TCI) pamwamba.

· Dongosolo lonyamula katundu: Lili ndi magulu anayi a mabearing: akulu, apakati, ang'onoang'ono ndi othamanga.

· Ma Nozzles: Kawirikawiri ma nozzles 3·4 okhala ndi mainchesi a 7·14 mm.

· Njira yothira mafuta ndi kutsekera: Zitseko za rabara kapena zachitsulo zophatikizidwa ndi chipangizo chochepetsera kupanikizika.

Ukadaulo wa chisindikizo cha bearing ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira ma roller cone bits. Ma bits amakono amagwiritsa ntchito njira yothira mafuta yomwe imasunga mphamvu pakati pa kupanikizika kwa mafuta m'chipinda chothira mafuta ndi kupanikizika kwa madzi m'chibowo kudzera mu njira yotumizira mphamvu, nembanemba yothira mphamvu ndi chikho cha mafuta.

Dongosolo la Magulu ndi Khodi ya IADC

Bungwe la International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) lakhazikitsa muyezo wapadziko lonse wogawa ma roller cone bits, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya ma code a manambala atatu:

· Nambala yoyamba: Mtundu wa dzino ndi kapangidwe koyenera

· 1: Dzino lophwanyidwa, kapangidwe kofewa

· 2: Dzino lophwanyidwa, pakati mpaka pakati · kulimba

· 3: Dzino lophwanyika, lolimba, komanso lokhakhala

· 5: TCI, kapangidwe kofewa mpaka kapakati

· 6: TCI, kapangidwe kake kolimba kwambiri

· 7: TCI, yolimba, yolimba

· 8: TCI, yolimba kwambiri, yolimba kwambiri

· Manambala achiwiri: Kulimba kwa kapangidwe kake (1·4, nambala yayikulu imasonyeza kulimba kwa kapangidwe kake)

· Manambala atatu: Mawonekedwe a kapangidwe ka bit

· 4: Chophimba chozungulira chotsekedwa

· 6: Chifaniziro cha magazini chotsekedwa

· 7: Chitetezo cha jenali yotsekedwa + choyezera ndi TCI

· 8: Chingwe choyamba cha zitsime zolowera

Dongosolo Losavuta la IADC la Ma Roller Cone Bits

Njira Yoswera Mwala ndi Makhalidwe Oyendera

Pamene chogwirira cha roller cone chikugwira ntchito, chimasonyeza mayendedwe atatu ophatikizana:

· Kusintha: Ma cones amazungulira mozungulira wotchi ndi thupi la bit.

· Kuzungulira: Mano amazungulira mozungulira mzere wa koni.

· Kutsetsereka: Kuphatikizapo kutsetsereka kwa radial ndi tangential.

Kuyenda kophatikizana kumeneku kumabweretsa zotsatira ziwiri zoswa miyala:

1. Kuphwanya mano: Kulumikizana kwa mano amodzi ndi awiri kumapangitsa kugwedezeka koyima, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti manowo akhudzidwe.

2. Kuduladula: Kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopingasa, yopingasa komanso yokhala ndi ma cone ambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kudula miyala.

Njira Yosankha Zinthu ndi Kufananiza Mapangidwe

Mfundo zazikulu zoyambira posankha zidutswa za roller cone malinga ndi momwe miyala ilili:

· Mapangidwe ofewa: Sankhani zidutswa zokhala ndi mawonekedwe a offset, overhang, ndi multi-cone; zokhala ndi mano aatali, otakata, komanso otambalala kwambiri kapena TCI.

· Mapangidwe olimba apakati: Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa mano opindika, opindika, komanso opindika; gwiritsani ntchito mano afupiafupi, opapatiza, komanso otalikirana kwambiri.

· Mapangidwe olimba komanso okhwima: Gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe a koni imodzi, osapindika, osasintha; khalani ndi TCI yozungulira kapena yozungulira.

· Mapangidwe a mano okhotakhota: Sankhani zidutswa za mano afupi okhala ndi chitetezo chochepa kapena chopanda chitetezo chapadera komanso chopanda gauge, ndipo sankhani zofewa pang'ono kuposa mapangidwe enieni.

· Mapangidwe ofewa olimba: Sankhani chidutswa kutengera mwala wolimba, ndikusintha magawo obowolera mosinthasintha.

Mayankho apadera a mkhalidwe:

· Mabowo opyapyala (<177 mm): Gwiritsani ntchito zidutswa za koni imodzi, zomwe zimakhala ndi makoni akuluakulu, mano ndi ma bearing kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri.

· Kuboola molunjika: Sankhani ma bits okhala ndi IADC third digit 8 (ma bits odzipereka oyambira).

02 Diamond Bits: Chida Chopambana Kwambiri cha Mapangidwe Olimba

Daimondi ili ndi kuuma kwachilengedwe kwakukulu kwambiri (kuuma kwa Mohs 10, mphamvu yokakamiza mpaka 8800 MPa, kukana kutopa kowirikiza nthawi 9000 kuposa chitsulo). Zidutswa za diamondi zimagwiritsa ntchito izi kukhala chida chabwino kwambiri chothanirana ndi mapangidwe olimba.

Kugawa ndi Kusintha kwa Ukadaulo

Ma diamondi amakono amagawidwa m'mitundu itatu:

1. Zidutswa za diamondi zoyikidwa pamwamba

· Tinthu ta diamondi tomwe timaonekera pamwamba pa korona.

· Yoyenera mapangidwe olimba apakati mpaka olimba.

· Kuyesa kukula kwa diamondi:

· Mapangidwe ofewa: miyala iwiri pa karati (pafupifupi 4 mm m'mimba mwake)

· Mapangidwe olimba apakati: miyala 3-4/carat (pafupifupi 3.6 mm)

· Mapangidwe olimba: miyala 10‑15/carat (pafupifupi 2.0 mm)

2. Zidutswa za diamondi zodzazidwa

· Ma diamondi oikidwa mu matrix (miyala 60‑400/carat).

· Yoyenera mapangidwe olimba kwambiri komanso okhwima (chert, siliceous dolomite, ndi zina zotero).

· Kudzinola komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuvala matrix.

3. PDC bits (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact)

· Yoyamba kuyambitsidwa ndi General Electric mu 1973.

· Kapangidwe ka chodulira: diamondi wosanjikiza + tungsten carbide substrate.

· Mapangidwe ogwiritsidwa ntchito: ofewa mpaka apakati olimba ofanana.

Kapangidwe ndi Magawo Ofunikira Opangira

Zidutswa za diamondi zili ndi thupi lopanda ziwalo zosuntha, makamaka zomwe ndi:

· Thupi lachitsulo: Chitsulo chapakati cha kaboni, pamwamba pake pali ulusi.

· Matrix: Ufa wa kabodidi wa Tungsten + chitsulo chomangira chopangidwa ndi mkuwa, kuuma kwa HRC 30‑45.

· Zinthu zodulira: Ma diamondi achilengedwe/opangidwa kapena odulira a PDC.

· Kapangidwe ka hydraulic: Ma nozzles, njira zamadzi (zozungulira, zozungulira, ndi zina zotero).

Magawo ofunikira a kapangidwe:

· Kuchuluka kwa diamondi: Sinthani malinga ndi kapangidwe kake kukhala kolimba - kuchuluka kwa diamondi kuti mapangidwe ake akhale okhwima kwambiri.

· Kutalika kwa chiwonetsero:

· Mapangidwe ofewa: 1/3 ya mainchesi a diamondi

· Mapangidwe olimba: 1/6‑1/10 ya mainchesi a diamondi

· Mawonekedwe a korona: Athyathyathya (mapangidwe ofanana), ozungulira (mapangidwe olimba), opindika (mapangidwe okhwima).

Njira Yoswera Mwala ndi Kuyankha kwa Mapangidwe

Kapangidwe ka miyala ka zidutswa za diamondi kamasintha malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake:

· Mapangidwe a pulasitiki (miyala yamatope, gypsum, ndi zina zotero) – Mofanana ndi njira ya “kulima”; diamondi imalowa m'nthaka ndikuyambitsa kuyenda kwa pulasitiki m'thanthwe.

· Mapangidwe a brittle (miyala ya mchenga ya quartz, ndi zina zotero) – Amapanga mabowo ophwanyira okwana volumetric; kukula kwa zidutswazo ndi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa diamondi, ndipo amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.

· Miyala yolimba (chert, miyala ya siliceous) – Gwiritsani ntchito zidutswa zodzazidwa; kuswa kumachitika mwa kudula ndi kukanda pang'ono, mofanana ndi kupukuta ndi gudumu.

Ubwino ndi Zofooka za PDC Bits

Monga chinthu chatsopano mkati mwa banja la diamond bit, ma PDC bits ali ndi ubwino wapadera:

Makhalidwe a kapangidwe kake:

· Chitsulo cha PDC bit: Chitsulo chimodzi chapakati cha kaboni, cholimba pamwamba.

· Thupi la matrix PDC bit: Thupi lachitsulo chapamwamba + tungsten carbide matrix yapansi - magwiridwe antchito abwino.

Kapangidwe ka mbiri:

· Parabolic: Mapangidwe ofewa, zithunzi zazitali, ROP yapamwamba.

· Yozungulira: Yoyenera kuboola matebulo ozungulira, imathandiza kulowa m'mabedi olimba.

· Koni: Kuboola mwachangu, kulowa bwino.

Zoletsa:

· Sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo otsetsereka a miyala kapena malo ofewa okhala ndi mabedi osakanikirana.

· Kuchepetsa kutentha (kupitirira 350°C kuwonongeka kumawonjezeka; mphamvu ya 700°C imalephera).

· Kukana kugwedezeka kochepa; zodulira zatsopano zimatha kusweka m'mphepete.

Kuyerekeza kwa Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito kwa Diamond Bit ndi Kupanga

03 Buku Lotsogolera Kusankha Sayansi: Kupanga Kofanana ndi Zosowa Zogwirira Ntchito

Malamulo Abwino Kwambiri Osankhira Ma Roller Cone Bit

1. Kufananiza kuuma kwa mapangidwe

· Mapangidwe ofewa: sankhani zidutswa zokhala ndi mano opindika kwambiri, opindika, okhala ndi ma cone ambiri, komanso ooneka ngati wedge kapena ooneka ngati scoop.

· Mapangidwe olimba: gwiritsani ntchito mano ozungulira kapena ozungulira, opanda ma contour, ndi mano ozungulira kapena ozungulira.

2. Kuthana ndi kukwiya

· Pa mapangidwe okhwima, sankhani ma bits a TCI okhala ndi chitetezo cha gauge.

Ngati mano a mzere wakunja ndi ozungulira pomwe mano amkati sakutha, onjezerani chitetezo cha gauge pa gawo lotsatira.

3. Mayankho apadera pamavuto

· Mapangidwe a mano okhotakhota: sankhani zidutswa za mano afupiafupi okhala ndi zopinga zochepa kapena zopanda zopinga; sankhani zofewa pang'ono kuposa mapangidwe enieni.

· Magawo ofewa olimba olumikizana: sankhani bit kutengera thanthwe lolimba, sinthani magawo mosinthasintha.

· Zigawo zozama: sankhani zidutswa zokhala ndi zithunzi zambiri kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa nthawi yotayika.

Njira Yosankhira Diamond Bit

1. Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito ma PDC bits

· Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino: mapangidwe aatali ofewa mpaka apakati olimba (shale, matope, gypsum, ndi zina zotero).

· Ntchito zoletsedwa: mabedi a miyala, malo olumikizirana a chert, mapangidwe ofewa olimba olumikizana.

· Kukhazikitsa kwa magawo: WOB yotsika (30‑60 kN), RPM yokwera (100‑300 rpm), kuthamanga kwamphamvu.

2. Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zidutswa za diamondi zachilengedwe/zopangidwa

· Mapangidwe olimba kwambiri (granite, mchenga wa quartz, ndi zina zotero).

· Mapangidwe okhwima kwambiri (chert, siliceous dolomite).

· Kuboola zitsime, zitsime zozama komanso zozama kwambiri, ntchito zokokera zitsime.

3. Zofunikira zapadera pa ma coring bits

· Ma coring bits a roller cone: kapangidwe ka ma cone anayi (conical/cylindrical) kapena ma cone asanu ndi limodzi (full-barrel).

· Zidutswa za diamondi: zodulira ziyenera kukonzedwa mofanana komanso kukana kukalamba nthawi zonse.

· Chizindikiro chachikulu: chibowo chamkati chokhala ndi mainchesi akunja kuti mupewe pakati pa elliptical.

Kuzindikira ndi Kusamalira Downhole Anomaly

Kuzindikira momwe ntchito ya roller cone bit imagwirira ntchito:

· Kulephera kwa bearing: Tebulo lozungulira likugwedezeka, likuipiraipira pansi pa WOB yayikulu, ROP ikutsika koma kuthamanga kwa pampu kumakhala kwabwinobwino.

· Koni yotayika: Kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa mphamvu, chizindikiro cha kulemera chimasinthasintha kwambiri, kutalika kwa chingwe kumasintha pamene chatengedwa.

· Mano osweka bwino: Kuchepa kwa katundu wa tebulo lozungulira, palibe kudumphadumpha, kuchepa kwa ROP mwachangu.

Zoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito chidutswa cha diamondi:

· Bowo la pansi liyenera kukhala loyera musanalowe m'bowo; onetsetsani kuti palibe zinyalala zachitsulo.

· Yambani kuboola ndi WOB yopepuka, RPM yotsika kuti "mulowe" (kujambula dzenje pansi pa 0.5 m).

· Pewani kubwerezabwereza; ngati kuli kofunikira, gwiritsani ntchito WOB yopepuka, RPM yotsika, komanso kugwira ntchito mosalekeza.

04 Zochitika Zamakono ndi Mfundo Zogwirira Ntchito M'munda

Malangizo aukadaulo watsopano

Ukadaulo woboola ndege wopanikizika kwambiri:

· Imagwiritsa ntchito ma jet amphamvu kwambiri (150‑200 MPa) kuti ithandize kuswa miyala.

· Ma intensifiers a downhole ndi omwe amaganiziridwa kwambiri ndi kafukufuku ndi chitukuko; mayeso akuwonetsa kuti ROP ikhoza kuwonjezeka ndi nthawi 3-5.

· Mavuto aukadaulo akuphatikizapo kutseka ndi kutumiza mphamvu kwambiri.

Machitidwe anzeru a biti:

· Masensa ophatikizidwa amawunika momwe zinthu zilili nthawi yeniyeni.

· Kusintha kosinthika kwa magawo odulira kuti agwirizane ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe.

· Kusanthula deta yayikulu kuti mukonze bwino kusankha ma bit ndikulosera nthawi yautumiki.

Malamulo Agolide M'munda

1. Kusankha nthawi yoti mutuluke m'bowo

· Kuchepa kwa ROP kosalekeza (m'mapangidwe ofanana).

· Kutsika kwadzidzidzi kwa ROP popanda njira zowongolera zosagwira ntchito (kusintha kwa kapangidwe).

· Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi komwe kumayenderana ndi kutsika kwa ROP (kuwonongeka kwa bit).

· Kutsika kwadzidzidzi kwa mphamvu ya pampu (nozzle yotayika kapena chingwe chobowolera chotsukidwa).

2. Njira zowonjezerera moyo wa bit

· Yendetsani chidutswa chatsopano chokhala ndi WOB yopepuka komanso RPM yotsika kuti mulowe.

· Gwiritsani ntchito choteteza pang'ono (chipangizo choletsa kugwedezeka).

· Maulendo afupiafupi obwerezabwereza kuti akachotse zinyalala za pansi pa dzenje.

· Pewani kuzungulira kwambiri pansi.

3. Kusanthula zachuma

· Werengani mtengo pa mita = (mtengo wa biti + mtengo wa nthawi yobowola) / chithunzi.

Ngakhale kuti ma PDC bits ali ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa mayunitsi, m'mapangidwe oyenera, PDC bit imodzi imatha kuboola 3-5 kuposa footage ya roller cone bit.

· M'magawo akuya, sankhani zinthu zokhala ndi zithunzi zambiri kuti zithandizire kutayika kwa nthawi yotayika.

Kusankha ma bit ndi ukadaulo wolondola wophatikiza chiphunzitso cha sayansi ndi luso la m'munda. Ma roller cone bits, omwe amatha kusinthasintha kwambiri, akadali mtundu wa ma bit odziwika kwambiri masiku ano. Ma diamond bits, makamaka ma PDC bits, amasonyeza luso losayerekezeka m'mapangidwe enaake.

Kudziwa bwino njira yogawa ma IADC, kumvetsetsa njira zosweka ma bits osiyanasiyana, ndikuwunika bwino momwe zinthu zilili, kapangidwe ka wellbore, ndi zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kudzakwaniritsa mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa bit ndi kapangidwe kake. Pogwiritsa ntchito masensa otsetsereka, kusanthula deta yayikulu, ndi luntha lochita kupanga, kusankha bit kukusintha kuchoka pa zisankho zochokera ku zokumana nazo kupita ku kufananiza kolondola mwanzeru, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yobowola ikhale yolimba nthawi zonse.

Lumikizanani: Jessie Zhou

Foni yam'manja/Whatsapp:+0086-18109206861

Email: energy@landrilltools.com