Kugawa zitsime za mafuta ndi gasi kumawonjezera njira zopangira

Ukadaulo wa zitsime za mafuta ndi gasi umawonjezera kupanga ndi njira yaukadaulo yowonjezerera mphamvu zopangira zitsime za mafuta (kuphatikizapo zitsime za gasi) ndi mphamvu yoyamwa madzi ya zitsime zolowetsa madzi. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zimaphatikizapo kusweka kwa hydraulic ndi acidization, kuwonjezera pa kuphulika kwa mabowo, mankhwala osungunulira, ndi zina zotero.

1) Njira yophwanyira ma hydraulic

Kuphwanyika kwa hydraulic kumaphatikizapo kulowetsa madzi ophwanyika m'chitsime ndi mphamvu yochulukirapo kuposa mphamvu yoyamwa ya kapangidwe kake, motero kumawonjezera mphamvu ya dzenje la pansi ndikuphwanyika. Ndi kulowetsa madzi ophwanyika mosalekeza, ma fracture amafalikira kwambiri mkati mwa kapangidwe kake. Kuchuluka kwa proppant (makamaka mchenga) kuyenera kuphatikizidwa mu madzi ophwanyika kuti fracture isatseke pambuyo poti pampu yayimitsidwa. Ma fracture odzazidwa ndi proppant amasintha momwe mafuta ndi gasi amatulutsira madzi m'chitsimemo, kumawonjezera malo otuluka madzi, kuchepetsa kukana kwa madzi, ndikuwirikiza kawiri kupanga kwa chitsime cha mafuta. "Shale gas", yomwe yatchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi posachedwapa, imapindula ndi chitukuko chachangu cha ukadaulo wa hydraulic fracturing!

2) Chithandizo cha asidi m'chitsime cha mafuta

Chithandizo cha asidi m'chitsime cha mafuta chimagawidwa m'magulu awiri: chithandizo cha asidi wa hydrochloric pa miyala ya carbonate ndi chithandizo cha asidi wa nthaka pa miyala ya mchenga. Chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti asidi.

►Kuchiza ma hydrochloric acid pa miyala ya carbonate: Miyala ya carbonate monga limestone ndi dolomite imagwirizana ndi hydrochloric acid kuti ipange calcium chloride kapena magnesium chloride yomwe imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, zomwe zimawonjezera kutseguka kwa mapangidwewo ndikukweza bwino mphamvu yopanga zitsime zamafuta. Pansi pa kutentha kwa mapangidwewo, hydrochloric acid imagwirizana mwachangu ndi miyala, ndipo yambiri imadyedwa pafupi ndi pansi pa chitsime ndipo singalowe mkati mwa mafuta, zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya acidification.

►Kuchiza ndi asidi wa nthaka popanga miyala ya mchenga: Zigawo zazikulu za mchere wa mchenga ndi quartz ndi feldspar. Simenti zambiri zimakhala za silicates (monga dongo) ndi carbonates, zomwe zonse zimasungunuka mu hydrofluoric acid. Komabe, pambuyo pa kuyanjana pakati pa hydrofluoric acid ndi carbonates, calcium fluoride imachitika, zomwe sizingathandize kupanga zitsime za mafuta ndi gasi. Kawirikawiri, mchenga umachiritsidwa ndi 8-12% hydrochloric acid kuphatikiza 2-4% hydrofluoric acid yosakanikirana ndi asidi wa nthaka kuti apewe kuwononga calcium fluoride. Kuchuluka kwa hydrofluoric acid mu nthaka acid sikuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuti kupewe kuwononga kapangidwe ka mchenga ndikuyambitsa ngozi zopangira mchenga. Pofuna kupewa kuyanjana koipa pakati pa calcium ndi magnesium ions mu kapangidwe kake ndi hydrofluoric acid ndi zifukwa zina, kapangidwe kake kayenera kukonzedwa kale ndi hydrochloric acid musanalowetse asidi wa nthaka. Mtundu wa chithandizo uyenera kukhala waukulu kuposa mtundu wa chithandizo cha asidi wa nthaka. Ukadaulo wa authigenic acid wapangidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa. Methyl formate ndi ammonium fluoride zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zinthu popanga hydrofluoric acid, yomwe imagwira ntchito mkati mwa mafuta otentha kwambiri m'zitsime zakuya kuti iwonjezere mphamvu ya mankhwala a asidi m'nthaka. Potero imakulitsa mphamvu ya kupanga zitsime zamafuta.